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Dioscorus of Aphrodito
Flavius Dioscorus ((ギリシア語:Φλαύϊος Διόσκορος) ''Flauios Dioskoros'') lived during the 6th century A.D. in the village of Aphrodito, Egypt, and therefore is called by modern scholars Dioscorus of Aphrodito.〔Kuehn 1995, p. 1.〕 Although he was an Egyptian, he composed poetry in Greek, the cultural language of the Byzantine Era.〔Kuehn 1995, pp. 1-2.〕 His poems are the oldest surviving poems written by the hand of a known poet.〔Parca 1991, 3-4.〕 The manuscripts, which contain his corrections and revisions, were discovered on papyrus in 1905,〔Maspero 1911, pp. 454-456.〕 and are now held in museums and libraries around the world.〔Keenan 1984a, p. 53.〕 Dioscorus was also occupied in legal work, and legal documents and drafts involving him, his family, Aphroditans, and others were discovered along with his poetry.〔MacCoull 1988, p. 4; Fournet-Magdelaine 2008, pp. 310-343.〕 As an administrator of the village of Aphrodito, he composed petitions on behalf of its citizens, which are unique for their poetic and religious qualities.〔MacCoull 1988, pp. 16-19 and ff.; Kovelman 1991, pp. 138-148; Kuehn 1995, pp. 2-4.〕 Dioscorus was a Christian (a Copt) and lived in a religiously active environment.〔MacCoull 1988, pp. 5-7; Kuehn 1995, pp. 56-58.〕 The collection of Greek and Coptic papyri associated with Dioscorus and Aphrodito is one of the most important finds in the history of papyrology and has shed considerable light on the law and society of Byzantine Egypt.〔Bell-Crum 1925, p. 177; Kuehn 1995, p. 47; Ruffini 2008, pp. 150-197.〕
== Papyrus ==
The papyri of Dioscorus were discovered by accident in July 1905 in the village of Kom Ashkaw (also called Kom Ishgau, Kom Ishqaw, etc.), which was built above the ancient site of Aphrodito.〔Lefebvre 1907, pp. viii-xi.〕 An inhabitant was renovating his home when a wall collapsed and revealed a chasm below. Papyrus rolls and fragments were seen in the crevice, but by the time the Antiquities Service was notified and arrived, most of the papyrus was gone. During subsequent excavations, a large jar filled with papyrus was discovered in a Roman-style house. Important fragments of Athenian Comedy, both Old and New, were discovered among these papyri, including fragments of the famous comedy writer Menander.〔Lefebvre 1907, 1911; Gomme-Sandbach 1973; Koenen 1978.〕 There were also fragments of Homer’s Iliad and other literary works and reference works.〔Fournet 1999, pp. 9-237; Fournet-Magdelaine 2008, pp. 309-310.〕
Most importantly, the excavator Gustave Lefebvre unearthed an archive of sixth-century legal, business, and personal papers, and original poetry. These were turned over to the young scholar Jean Maspero, son of the Director of the Antiquities Service of Egypt, who edited and published the documents and poems in several journal articles 〔Maspero 1908-1910, 1910, 1911, 1912.〕 and two volumes of the ''Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Papyrus grecs d’époque byzantine'' (Cairo 1911, 1913). Jean was killed in the battle at Vauquois on the Lorraine during World War I, and his father Gaston completed the third volume of Dioscorian papyri in 1916. Other Dioscorian papyri, obtained by antiquities dealers through sales and clandestine excavations,〔Gaston Maspero, intro. to P.Cair.Masp. III, p. viii; Keenan 1984a, pp. 52-53, and 2009, p. 66; Gagos-van Minnen 1994, p. 8.〕 were published in Florence, London, Paris, Strasbourg, Princeton, Ann Arbor, the Vatican, etc.〔See note 5 above.〕
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